Aileron

A Student Pilot Blog by David Jen

Misconception № 5

Monday, July 27, 2015

Continuing through my misconceptions dispelled since I started studying aviation… Airplanes turn and climb by pointing their engines in the direction they want to go.

I imagined airplanes as kind of like weak rocketships and, to go left for example, directed engine thrust to the right. To be fair, the physics of my little misconceived world isn't incorrect – if you were really set on it, you could yaw the plane without banking the wings, and it would eventually change direction – but it would skid for some distance, meaning it would fly sideways somewhat, before the direction of velocity lined up with its heading again. As in cars, skidding is not the most desirable way to turn.

The heart of this misconception is that, in reality, engines are weaker than I thought. At maximum power, the total thrust of an airliner is only around 25% of aircraft weight, and so right away, it's obvious that using that thrust to climb, where a force greater than the weight of the aircraft is required, just won't work.

Instead, the force that can be developed by the wings (lift) is far greater than what the engines can produce. An aircraft turns by directing lift in the direction of the turn (banking). An aircraft climbs because pitching up increases lift. Lift is capable of forces in excess of 3 G, that is 300% of aircraft weight, meaning the wings are at least twelve times (where thrust is ¼ G) stronger than the engines.

Yet another example of the quiet, elegant member of the team being secretly stronger than the one making all the noise.

Central Jersey Regional Intro Flight

Saturday, July 25, 2015

Today I had a lesson at the third and final airport near my house, Central Jersey Regional (47N). I met my instructor, we had a brief chat about my previous lessons, and then got into our trainer plane, another Cessna 152.

He had me try the takeoff, my first ever, which was a lot of fun. There are a couple things to keep in mind during the takeoff ground roll that are easy to list now, but were difficult to mentally juggle when I actually tried it: (1) The prop wash (slipstream) of air spiraling backwards from the propellor spirals clockwise if you're looking from the back of the plane. This means that the prop wash hits the tail from the left, making it want to go to the right and therefore push the nose to the left. (2) The clockwise rotating propellor also exerts a gyroscopic precessional force that turns the nose to the left. (3) As the plane transitions from a ground vehicle to an air vehicle, wheel steering becomes less effective and flight control surfaces become more effective. What all this means in summary is that the plane wants to veer left and so you have to counteract it with control inputs to the right, but you have to vary the input magnitude as speed increases even though all you want to do is go straight.

My first takeoff was not the most graceful ever (veering left, veering right, then thankfully in the air), but I would argue it got the job done and no one was hurt.

We climbed to around 2000 ft. while heading over to the Round Valley Reservoir practice area while trying out some basic turns. Another hot afternoon, there was some turbulence, but not enough to be annoying. It was a blue sky dotted with puffy white clouds. I really like flying over the reservoir because the land around it is an interesting shape and the water reflects the blue of the sky.

After more basic maneuvers over the reservoir, we went on to do some stalls. An airplane stalls when the angle of attack of the wings is too high. This causes the airflow to detach from the wings, they stop producing lift, and the airplane drops. The dropping part is a little scary because there you are trusting this little airplane and suddenly it falls out from underneath you and the ground comes into view. An airplane recovers from a stall by reducing the angle of attack, usually by pointing the nose down for a moment, which causes lift to be restored, and then things are flying normally again.

My CFI initially had the idea of him bringing about and recovering from a couple stalls just to get me used to the sensation, but after a few he suggested I try one myself. We climbed an additional several hundred feet (more space between me and the ground I approve of whole-heartedly), I brought the power to idle, and then raised the nose until the wings gave up and we started to plummet. Easy enough. Recovery was not so easy. I think what happened was I didn't have the wings quite level which caused one wing to drop before the other, sending us into a kind of spiral dive. The thing to do in that situation is rudder towards the high wing to get the wings level as angle of attack is also decreased, but I didn't know this at the time, and my feet certainly didn't know this, and so thankfully my CFI took over. My instinct was opposite aileron to roll us back to level, but the ailerons were ineffective at such low speeds.

I started today to understand a few things which had escaped me earlier: (1) I have more trouble visualizing what the rudder is doing versus the elevator or ailerons, I think because the rudder pedal movements are not as pronounced or maybe because my feet are not as sensitive as my hands (?). I realized today that both rudder pedals need constant pressure, even when flying straight and level. Otherwise the plane will be much more susceptible to a wandering nose as it encounters variations in the wind. Holding the rudder in place with both feet keeps the course more steady. (2) The yoke does not need much input at all. Previously I had gripped the yoke with my fist, but today my CFI made a dedicated effort to cure me of this and had me completely let go of the yoke at times. It was surprising that while I thought the plane was reliant on my strength to hold the yoke in place (I certainly was expending energy with my hand), I wasn't doing anything at all. The yoke stayed in place and the plane held its previous attitude after I let go. Sometimes, the pitch changed slightly, but that was easily corrected with the trim wheel. Little fingertip inputs to compensate for the little air bumps were all that was needed.

Whereas my discovery flight last week was less hands-on and leaned towards simply seeing what it's like to be in a small plane, today's lesson was very much about finding out where my abilities are and pushing them. As soon as my CFI saw that I was comfortable with one aspect, he would add an additional parameter to my mental processing. Constantly being on the cusp of information overload is tiring, but of course this is great in the name of expanding abilities. Pushing limits is never a comfortable thing. My only hope is that my CFI will run out of additional parameters to throw at me before I run out of processing power.

I'm now at the point where I've had three lessons at three different airports with three different instructors in two aircraft models. I'm going to sleep a bit on the pros and cons of each, pick an instructor, and then get some serious lesson time scheduled.

The tarmac at 47N. Puffy white clouds.

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Solberg-Hunterdon Discovery Flight

Sunday, July 19, 2015

To the air! After five consecutive lesson cancellations, I finally had my second flying lesson today, a discovery flight at Solberg-Hunterdon Airport (N51). A discovery flight is an abbreviated lesson aimed at helping people decide if flying is something they want to pursue. As it's cheaper than a full lesson, I thought it'd be a good way for me to get a feel for the airport, the instructors, and the aircraft.

For the flight, I met my CFI at the airport office, we did a very quick walk-around of the aircraft, and went for a short thirty-minute flight of basic maneuvers. The aircraft was a 1982 Cessna 152, a tiny tiny plane that seats two and flies at speeds comparable to a family car (107 kts); something like a motorcycle with wings. But it did fly, and quite well at that. A motorcycle with wings is never a bad thing.

My flying went much better this time around. The plane responded more like what I expected from years of video games. I was able to hold altitude and heading more precisely, and even felt comfortable enough to scan out the side windows from time to time, past the wingtips, instead of fixing my gaze directly in front of the nose as in my first lesson. This drove home the enjoyment of flying because it gave me a better sense of space and speed. We even tried some steep turns which were fun because I got to feel some G-forces, and I was still able to hold my altitude during those. But before I can say I'm improving, a number of factors have to be considered in comparing today's lesson to my first:

I become more convinced everyday that flying is something I would enjoy and is something I want to pursue. My next steps are to try out the third and final airport close to my house, pick which one I want to do my training at, and then start scheduling serious lesson time. I've been continuing to study flight training material pretty heavily on my own and that's been helpful in getting the most out of my flight time. It seems my biggest roadblock will be getting enough lessons scheduled and not canceled by weather to keep training moving along.

Aircraft today: Cessna 152, motorcycle with wings.

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Grounded, More

Wednesday, July 15, 2015

The advice I've gotten for starting out flight training has been to try out several schools and instructors at the start. The rapport between instructor and student has a large impact on how training progresses, and I'd have to be lucky to find my perfect match on the first try. At the very least, shopping around a bit will give me a sense of which elements of instruction are common among instructors and which are elements of their own teaching style.

I had a lesson scheduled at Central Jersey Regional (47N) for Monday this week, but it was moved to Tuesday evening, only to be canceled due to storms in the vicinity, moved to today, and it looks like it'll get canceled again today due to the same warm front slowly and sloppily making its way through. I also had a lesson at Solberg-Hunterdon (N51) scheduled for this morning, but that too has been canceled due to weather. That's four con­sec­utive lessons rescheduled. It's certainly good conditioning for weather-based cancellations, but is none­the­less discouraging.

I also don't mind the storms too much if it means moving this disgusting humid air away. When the relative humidity hovers above 95%, storms are quite welcome.

  • METAR KSMQ 142253Z AUTO 00000KT 10SM FEW019 FEW048 27/22 A2954 RMK AO2 LTG DSNT SW RAB06E19 SLP002 P0000 T02720222
  • METAR KSMQ 151253Z AUTO 34004KT 5SM -RA BR OVC100 22/19 A2961 RMK AO2 SLP026 P0003 T02170194

Misconception № 4

Thursday, July 09, 2015

Continuing through my misconceptions dispelled since I started studying aviation… A helicopter is doomed if its engine fails. After all, what does it have left to work with?

Well, it still has its main rotor. In an emergency maneuver called autorotation, the main rotor is allowed to freely windmill as the helicopter drops. This does two things: (1) it exerts a drag force so that the aircraft has a reasonably low terminal velocity, and (2) it builds up the angular momentum of the main rotor. As the helicopter nears the ground, the rotor blade pitch is changed, causing the stored angular momentum to be converted to lift. The lifting force is enough to slow the descent to near zero and gently set the helicopter on the ground.

How to Get a Pilot Certificate

Wednesday, July 08, 2015

What does it take to go from zero experience to a pilot certificate? Here's a quick rundown.

First, there are three levels of certificate that you can choose to go after at the start: sport, recreational, or private. These differ in training requirements and flying privileges awarded. For example, sport pilot requires only 20 hours flight training while private requires 40 hours, but sport pilots are more limited in number of passengers, aircraft weight, altitude, airspace, and to daytime flight only. If you're short on time and/or money, or somehow know your flying interests will remain limited, then it may make sense to start with a sport or recreational certificate and possibly work your way up later. I've decided to go for the private pilot certificate (PPL) so will focus on that in this post.

If you're a U.S. alien there is extra paperwork, but otherwise training begins without any prerequisites. You rent a plane, find a CFI to fly with you, and you go flying. After the flight, your instructor signs your log book and you begin building hours. It's that simple. Depending on the instructor, there may or may not be a structured syllabus, but in the end there is a set of maneuvers (e.g. turns, stalls, landings, emergency procedures) that the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) recognizes as necessary to a PPL. There are also minimum training times for specific types of flight, like solo, night, instrument, and cross-country. It's very helpful to simultaneously study training materials in between lessons. These help explain the maneuvers you practice and also delve into the whole of aeronautical knowledge, covering things like aerodynamics, engines, airspace, radio communications, weather, etc.

Some schools offer a ground school, where an instructor lectures on aviation topics. The FAA requires completion of ground instruction, though it also recognizes several online home-study courses as such.

Your training will progress to a point where your instructor thinks you're ready to fly solo. Upon passing a medical exam, a written exam, and a practical checkride, you'll be awarded a student pilot certificate which allows you to continue portions of your training while flying solo, albeit under the auspices of your CFI, who must pre-approve every flight.

Usually not long after your student certificate, you and your instructor will decide you're ready for the private certificate exam. This involves a written knowledge exam, an oral exam, and a practical checkride. Pass these and you'll be a private pilot!

Misconception № 3

Monday, July 06, 2015

Continuing through my misconceptions dispelled since I started studying aviation… An airplane is doomed if its engine fails.

My policy was previously to not board aircraft with less than two engines. However, when unpowered, most aircraft can glide at a fairly flat glide ratio and execute a normal landing given a suitable landing area is within gliding range. A small plane has a glide ratio of about 10:1 and a jet airliner about 15:1. Even the space shuttle, with a glide ratio of only 4:1 gets on the ground in one piece without ever using engines.

Grounded

Monday, July 06, 2015

I had a flight lesson scheduled this evening at another airport close to my house, Solberg-Hunterdon (N51), but it was just canceled due to impending thunderstorms. I guess the real lesson today is that aviation is at the mercy of the weather. How's that for looking on the bright side? The real-real lesson is to use some common sense and schedule lessons for the mornings in the summer to avoid the storms and turbulence, and to also get some cooler, denser air.

This cancellation definitely makes flying feel more like an addiction. I'm not upset that I had to rearrange my work schedule for naught (schedules change, and I'm an adult), but I am upset because I won't get my flying fix in today. The fix that I now realize I've been craving since my first lesson last week. Even worse, I don't know when I'll get it next [hand wringing]; I already have plans this weekend so there's now a desolate wasteland of at least seven (seven!) days that will not involve flying. One of my top priorities in life right now is getting some more lessons scheduled. Or get a flight simulator or an RC plane; even one of those little die-cast models would calm me down right now as I can supply the engine noises.

  • SPECI KSMQ 062106Z AUTO 07003KT 3SM -RA FEW032 BKN041 OVC085 25/22 A3008 RMK AO2 P0005 T02500222

Misconception № 2

Saturday, July 04, 2015

Continuing through my misconceptions dispelled since I started studying aviation… The big wings of an airplane hold up the body and the little wings hold up the tail.

This sounds reasonable enough, but imagine something like a common 737 while it's sitting on the ground. It has main landing gear under the main wings and then there is a smaller landing gear under the nose. This means its center of gravity (CG) is actually forward of the main wings; the aircraft is nose-heavy. It doesn't need anything to hold its tail (empennage) up, it needs something to hold its tail down.

The little wings (horizontal stabilizers) actually exert a down force during flight. This is a stability feature so that it's easier to get an aircraft's nose down to gain airspeed than to get its nose up towards a stall. It's also interesting that in level flight, the main wings have to not only counter the weight of the aircraft, but also the down force of the horizontal stabilizers.

Should You Train for a Pilot Certificate?

Friday, July 03, 2015

And by you, I mean me, because I'm in no place to tell you what to do.

Both aircraft rental and flight instruction are pay as you go, so it's easy to half-heartedly get started, lose interest, pick it up again and relearn what you forgot, lose interest again, all the while burning cash. Only 20% of students in the United States who start flight training actually attain a certificate. Although there's merit to lessons even if they doesn't result in a certificate (it's time spent flying after all), it's best to make deliberate decisions when resources are not unlimited. So let's walk through my thoughts here.

The question "Flying is expensive and dangerous; why would you want to do that?" will emit from probably anyone not infatuated with aviation. It's a difficult question to respond to because yes, flying is undeniably expensive and yes, there is risk involved. As an aside, the risk viewpoint is fueled by the media's sheer relish in reporting small plane crashes (compared to, say, car crashes, or bicycle crashes) and by a nebulous concept of risk. I think the media's distortion of general aviation is unfortunate, but I can't blame them, as I'm just as interested as anyone to see and hear about a plane crash; and whoever said the media was supposed to be objective? Anyway, the risk aspect of aviation is multifaceted and needs its own post, so for now we'll just say flying is expensive and leave it at that.

What will make the expense worth it? My reason for wanting to fly is because it's fun. Airplanes are fun, even on the ground. They have wings, they have propellors; do I really need to continue? Sure, I'd like to get to the point where I can fly to remote airfields and visit otherwise inaccessible places, but that would be a happy side effect; the reason to fly is because it's fun. It's interesting and challenging and asks of you an understanding of both the physical forces which we have learned to control and of the rest of the world which we have not.

Fun should be taken very seriously. Although I can't say where this will lead, I've learned that good things come from incubating little baby passions. If there is the baby passion for something and the resources to feed it, then I should do it.

First Lesson

Wednesday, July 01, 2015

I had my first flight lesson ever today with Somerset Air Service at Somerset Airport (KSMQ). A lot of it met my high expectations, some things caught me off-guard, and to spare the suspense, we didn't crash. It was an enormous amount of fun and somewhat addictive.

I met my certified flight instructor (CFI) in the fixed-base operator (FBO) office. We talked about my flight experience – which was easy, none – and a little about what we would do in the air. Upon learning that I had never been in a small plane before, even as a passenger, my CFI was eager to simply get flying and get some experience under my belt. He didn't come out and say it, but I had the understanding that his primary objectives were to determine if I (1) got disgustingly airsick, (2) got stupid scared, or (3) other­wise had yet undiscovered psychological/moral/ethical avers­ions to small aircraft. Teaching me any amount of flying skill would be purely secondary. As we walked out to the planes, I started to imagine all of the first-flight scenarios in his twenty-year instructor career that may have brought about this strategy and was thankful it was in place.

We did an abbreviated pre-flight inspection of the 1974 Piper PA-28 Cherokee assigned to us, tail number N44055. Abbreviated meaning my CFI didn't go into detail about everything he was checking in the interest of saving time. From what I understand, we basically (1) checked for evidence of fire/leaks/electrical arcing in the engine bay, (2) checked for evidence of collision or structural over-stress on the airframe, (3) checked the fuel for quantity and contamination, and (4) checked that the control surfaces were free and coordinated with the cockpit controls.

Somehow we started the engine (escapes my memory how) and I tried taxiing (emphasis on "try"). Taxiing involves controlling the propellor speed with the throttle lever, steering the nose-wheel and rudder with the rudder pedals, and differentially braking the main gear with the brake pedals. More on my impressions later, but the plane rarely traveled straight.

We eventually made it to the run-up area where, while holding the brakes, we brought the engine up to flight power to see if all systems were happy at that power and to test the magnetos. Airplanes have two independent magnetos that generate voltage for two independent sets of spark plugs. The engine is happiest with both magnetos sparking, but should be able to run on just one. It was, although one set of plugs seemed dirtier than the other.

My CFI handled the takeoff and did a slow climb up to 1500 ft. Then, a bit unexpectedly, he uttered the nerve-inducing words, "Your controls."

As agreed upon beforehand, I responded with, "My controls," to confirm handoff of the flight controls. I was then the pilot, quite obviously, because the plane was no longer flying straight nor level, but instead fell into a series of side-to-side and up-and-down overcorrections that you would expect from a child stealing a car. My CFI pretended not to notice and kept talking about what gauges I should keep tabs on (all of them), what I should be mindful of outside (everything), and some basic maneuvers. I eventually did some turns, some climbs and descents, some climbing turns, and some descending turns. It was a warm afternoon which meant that there were many thermals (rising columns of hot air) knocking the little plane around as I tried to control it. It also meant that there was a thick layer of haze obscuring the horizon, which would have made a handy reference. But it was a beautiful day with sunshine and puffy white clouds, and I was flying.

Thankfully, my CFI handled the landing. We then went through shutdown procedures and talked a bit about the private pilot certificate (PPL) training process.

My feeling while flying was that of information overload. I simply could not process all of the inputs fast enough. If I focused on vertical speed, my airspeed drifted. If I focused on airspeed, my altitude drifted. Flying amounts to scanning the outside world and the six main flight instruments while controlling the motion of the aircraft in three dimensions. It's a challenge, which is partly why it's attractive.

Another theme was uncoordination. It is impossible to practice one flight control in isolation. Instead, even for basic maneuvers, several controls must be used together to execute a smooth motion. I could understand what one control was doing and what effect it was having, but maintaining two or more in my mental model of the aircraft was sometimes too much. Similarly, maneuvers involve multiple steps, and if I felt I had a handle on the first step, the time to execute the second would arrive and I wouldn't be ready.

These things simply require practice, I know, which is why flight training involves so much actual flying to begin with. It's possible to learn and understand a great deal from reading, but the muscle memory aspect can only be had by doing it. My CFI did say I got a handle of the controls quickly and that I showed no fear of experimenting with the plane's motion, which was odd (how did I make it this far in life alive?), but that quality would help with training if I did decide to pursue it.

It's worth reminding everyone that (1) in the 200 or so centuries of human civilization, we live in the only one where flight is possible (the other 199 were spent dreaming about it), and (2) anyone can just go and fly one of these things with absolutely no experience or knowledge for about $150.

At this point, I'm still undecided how I'd like my training to progress, or even if a certificate is something worth attaining. I'll leave my thoughts on this to a separate post.

  • Flight Hours: 1.1
  • METAR KSMQ 011853Z AUTO 00000KT 8SM FEW050 28/18 A2976

Somerset Airport. See that airplane in front not lined up with the line? I parked that.

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